Why concurrency control mechanism is important in DDB? Differentiate between centralized and distributed 2PL. Give an example of a 2PL schedule.

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Concurrency control mechanisms are crucial in Distributed Databases (DDB) to ensure data consistency and integrity when multiple transactions are executed simultaneously. In a distributed environment, where data is spread across multiple locations, the likelihood of conflicts increases, making it essential to manage how transactions access and modify data. Some key reasons why concurrency control is … Read more

Define Perception. What role does intuition play in effective decision-making?Scenario: If you are a middle manager in a company with about a thousand employees,

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Question: Define Perception. What role does intuition play in effective decision-making?Scenario: If you are a middle manager in a company with about a thousand employees, how would you respond to the following situation? You have the opportunity to steal NRS 10,00,000.00 from your company with absolute certainty that you would not be detected or caught. Would you … Read more

Briefly explain properties of transaction? Differentiate flat and nested transactions. State the commitment rules of nested transaction

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In database systems, a transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single, logical unit of work that either fully completes or fully fails. This all-or-nothing approach ensures data integrity and consistency within the database. To maintain these qualities, transactions adhere to the ACID properties: Differences Between Flat and Nested Transactions: Aspect Flat Transactions … Read more

Describe ethical issues in tort law.

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Tort law is the body of civil law that provides remedies for individuals or organizations harmed by the wrongful acts (intentional, negligent, or strict liability) of others, with the primary goal of compensating victims and restoring justice not punishing wrongdoers. Ethical Issues in Tort Law Tort law deals with civil wrongs where one person’s actions (or … Read more

Explain the contract process for purchasing the fifty laptop to our staffs.

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The contract process for purchasing the fifty laptop to our staffs Purchasing equipment like laptops for the office follows a structured contract process to ensure we get the best quality, price, and legal protection. 1. Identify the Need 2. Supplier Research & Quotation Requests 3. Draft the Purchase Agreement A contract ensures both we and the supplier agree … Read more

What do you mean by Perfection?

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Perfection means something is absolutely flawless, complete, and without any errors. It’s like drawing a circle so perfectly round that no one can find a single mistake in it. However, in real life, true perfection is very hard to achieve because most things whether it’s work, art, or personal growth have at least some small room for improvement. Different … Read more

Write the difference between trademark and Copyright. What do you know about patents and trade secrets?

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Trademark A trademark is a unique symbol, logo, word, or phrase that identifies and distinguishes a company’s products or services from others (e.g., Nike’s “Swoosh” logo or Coca-Cola’s brand name). Copyright Copyright protects original creative works like books, music, films, software, and art by giving the creator exclusive rights to use and distribute them (e.g., J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter books). … Read more

Discuss the role of digital signatures in the Electronic Transaction Act.

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A digital signature is a mathematical technique used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital document, message, or transaction. Unlike a simple electronic signature (like a scanned handwritten signature), a digital signature uses encryption to ensure: The Role of Digital Signatures in the Electronic Transaction Act Digital signatures play a critical role in modern electronic transactions by ensuring security, authenticity, and legal validity in digital … Read more

What do you mean by Professional? Is software development a profession? Describe the characteristics of an IT professional.

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A professional is someone who has specialized knowledge and skills in a particular field, follows ethical standards, and is committed to doing high-quality work. Professionals are typically formally trained, certified, or experienced in their area of expertise, and they are expected to behave responsibly, honestly, and competently in their work. Yes, software development is a profession.  Because … Read more

What is attribution theory? What are its implications for explaining organizational behavior?

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Attribution theory Attribution Theory explains how people interpret the causes of behaviors or events – whether they attribute them to internal factors (like personality or effort) or external factors (like luck or circumstances). Its implications for explaining organizational behavior, 1. Judging Employee Performance: 2. Employee Motivation: 3. Teamwork and Conflicts: 4. Leadership Decisions: 5. Handling Changes at Work: 6. Workplace … Read more