Explain about Seven Core metrics. What are software metrics and why 10 they are necessary? Explain four quality indicators.

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Software metrics are quantitative measures used to assess various aspects of software development and maintenance. They provide insights into the quality, performance, and efficiency of software processes and products. Metrics can be applied at different stages of the software development lifecycle, including requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. Importance of Software Metrics Seven Core Metrics … Read more

Compare and contrast lock-based, timestamp-based, and optimistic concurrency control mechanisms. Discuss their suitability for different types of transaction processing in distributed databases.

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The comparison of Lock-Based, Timestamp-Based, and Optimistic Concurrency Control Mechanisms are as follows: Feature Lock-Based Concurrency Control (LBCC) Timestamp-Based Concurrency Control (TBCC) Optimistic Concurrency Control (OCC) Approach Uses locks to control access to resources. Assigns timestamps to transactions and orders them. Allows transactions to run freely and checks for conflicts at commit time. Conflict Handling … Read more

What is relaxed concurrency control? Explain its use cases and how it balances consistency andperformance in large-scale distributed databases.

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Relaxed concurrency control (RCC) is a technique used in distributed databases to balance consistencyand performance by allowing some level of inconsistency in exchange for improved performance andscalability. Unlike traditional strict concurrency control methods, which enforce strong consistencyguarantees, RCC provides a more flexible approach that can be tailored to the specific needs of anapplication. Use Cases … Read more

Discuss deadlock management strategies (e.g., detection, prevention, avoidance) in distributedsystems. Why is deadlock detection more challenging in distributed environments?

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Deadlock management is crucial in distributed systems to ensure smooth and efficient operation. Hereare the main strategies for handling deadlocks: detection, prevention, and avoidance: 1. Detection: Deadlock detection involves identifying deadlocks after they have occurred and taking corrective measures. 2. Prevention: Deadlock prevention involves designing the system to ensure that deadlocks cannot occur. 3. Avoidance: … Read more

Describe the role of timestamp-based concurrency control. How does it handle conflicts indistributed transactions, and what are its limitations?

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Timestamp-based concurrency control (TBCC) is a technique used in database systems to manageconcurrent access to data. The goal is to ensure that transactions are executed in a way that maintainsconsistency and isolation without causing conflicts. Here’s a simplified breakdown of its role: 1. Timestamps: Each transaction is assigned a unique timestamp when it begins. This … Read more

Compare the trade-offs between strict two-phase locking (2PL) and optimistic concurrency control indistributed databases. Under what scenarios would you prefer one over the other?

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Strict Two-Phase Locking (2PL) and Optimistic Concurrency Control (OCC) are two popular methods forensuring transaction consistency in distributed databases, each with its own advantages and trade-offs.Here’s a comparison of the two: 1. Strict Two-Phase Locking (2PL) How It Works: i. In 2PL, transactions acquire locks on data items before accessing or modifying them. The keyrule … Read more

Explain the ACID properties of transactions. How do distributed systems ensure atomicity anddurability in the presence of network failures?

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The ACID properties are a set of principles that ensure reliable processing of database transactions. They stand for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These properties guarantee that transactions are processed in a way that maintains the integrity of the database. ACID Properties: 1. Atomicity: Atomicity ensures that a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible … Read more

Explain serializability theory in transaction management. How does deadlock management differ incentralized and distributed systems?

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Serializability theory in transaction management is a concept that ensures even when multiple transactions are executed concurrently in a database, the final result will appear as if they were executed one after another in a sequential order, preventing data inconsistencies and maintaining a database integrity; essentially, it guarantees that the outcome of concurrent transactions is … Read more

What are different levels of automation? Explain different levels of Automation with different workflow tools.

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Automation in various domains can be categorized into different levels based on the degree of human intervention required and the complexity of tasks being automated. The levels of automation (LoA) can vary depending on the context, such as manufacturing, software development, or business processes. Below, I outline the different levels of automation and provide examples … Read more

Explain model-based software Architecture. What is iterative process planning? Explain different planning guidelines and Cost and Schedule Estimating process.

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Model-Based Software Architecture (MBSA) is an approach to software design and development that emphasizes the use of models to represent various aspects of a software system. These models serve as abstractions that help in understanding, analyzing, and communicating the architecture of the system. The key characteristics of MBSA include: Iterative Process Planning Iterative Process Planning is a … Read more