How local recovery manager deal with update and write operations? What is the importance of log records? Show state diagram of 2PC and 3PC protocols.

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Local Recovery Manager and Its Handling of Update and Write Operations The local recovery manager is a key component in a distributed database system that ensures the database remains consistent and recovers from crashes or failures. When dealing with update and write operations, the recovery manager follows certain steps to maintain the integrity of the … Read more

Why early risk resolution is essential? Elaborate about Next Generation Cost model and modern Software Economics

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Early risk resolution is critical in project management because it helps to identify, assess, and mitigate potential issues before they escalate into major problems. Here’s why it’s essential: Next Generation Cost Model (NGCM) The Next Generation Cost Model (NGCM) is an advanced approach to cost estimation that leverages modern techniques, tools, and data analytics to … Read more

What is nested and distributed transaction? Provide a 2PL and strict 2PL schedule with your own example. Compare centralized 2PL and distributed 2PL.

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Nested and Distributed Transactions Nested Transaction: A nested transaction is a type of transaction where a transaction can call other sub-transactions or child transactions. These sub-transactions themselves can commit or abort independently of the parent transaction, but the final decision (commit or abort) is determined by the parent transaction. Nested transactions are useful in situations … Read more

What is iterative process planning? Explain different planning guidelines and Cost and Schedule Estimating process.

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Iterative process planning is a project management approach that involves repeating cycles of planning, executing, and evaluating to progressively refine and improve the project plan. This method is particularly useful in environments where requirements are not fully understood at the outset or are expected to change over time. It allows for flexibility and continuous improvement, … Read more

Illustrate INGRES algorithm with your own example. How system R algorithm helps to choose best join order? Explain with example and figures.

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INGRES Algorithm (Simplified) The INGRES Algorithm is used to find the most efficient way to join multiple tables in a database. Its main goal is to minimize the total cost of joining tables by choosing the best order to perform the joins. How the INGRES Algorithm Works Example of the INGRES Algorithm Let’s say you … Read more

Mention the four layers of distributed query processing. Explain all the steps in query decomposition with the help of SQL query and necessary figures.

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Four Layers of Distributed Query Processing Distributed Query Processing in a Distributed Database System (DDBMS) involves the process of executing a query across multiple databases or sites in a distributed environment. The process of query execution is broken down into four layers: Query Decomposition Process Query decomposition is a critical step in distributed query processing. … Read more

What is updatable and non-updatable view? Why is authorization control more complex in DDB? Suggest the possible solution to manage the complexities.

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Updatable and Non-updatable Views Updatable View: An updatable view is a view in a database that allows users to perform insert, update, and delete operations on the underlying tables through the view itself. This means that any changes made to the view are reflected in the base tables that the view is built upon, as … Read more

Explain A-D-H architecture of DDB. Why is fragmentation an important part in DDB? Write the correctness rules of fragmentation with example.

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A-D-H Architecture of Distributed Database (DDB) The A-D-H architecture is a design model used for distributed databases, consisting of three layers that organize the system’s components and their functions. Here’s a breakdown of each layer: Why Fragmentation is Important in Distributed Databases? Fragmentation is the process of dividing a database into smaller, manageable pieces called … Read more

Describe the three orthogonal dimensions of distributed database design. Discuss the objectives of distribution design in Top Down design approach.

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Three Orthogonal Dimensions of Distributed Database Design When designing a distributed database system, there are three main orthogonal dimensions to consider. These dimensions refer to different aspects of the database design that are important for creating an efficient, reliable, and scalable distributed system. 1. Data Distribution: Data Distribution refers to how the data is divided … Read more

Define distributed database system. Explain the promises of DDB. List the transparencies provided by DDBS.

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Distributed Database System (DDBS) A Distributed Database System (DDBS) is a database system where the data is stored across multiple physical locations (sites), but it works as a single unified system. These sites are connected via a network, and users interact with the system as though it’s one database, even though the data is distributed. … Read more