Question Bank

A Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS) allows data to be stored and accessed across multiple sites, but these systems can be categorized as either homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on how the databases at different sites are structured and managed. 1. Homogeneous DDBMS: 2. Heterogeneous DDBMS: (A1, D2, H1) and (A0, D1, H0) Architecture: These notations … Read more

The Waterfall Model is a linear and sequential approach to software development, where each phase must be completed before the next one begins. It is one of the oldest and most straightforward SDLC models, often used for projects with well-defined requirements and minimal expected changes. Diagram of the Waterfall Model [Requirements]|v[System Design]|v[Implementation]|v[Testing]|v[Deployment]|v[Maintenance] Phases of the Waterfall model … Read more

A Distributed Database is a type of database that is spread across multiple physical locations, which may include different computers or servers. These locations are connected through a network, and the database operates as if it were a single database system, even though it is distributed across different sites. In a distributed database, the data … Read more

A Software Product is a collection of programs, data, and documentation designed to fulfill specific user needs or solve particular problems. It can be a standalone application (e.g., Microsoft Word), a system (e.g., an operating system like Windows), or a service (e.g., a cloud-based platform like Google Drive). Software products are developed, maintained, and evolved over time … Read more

A Parallel Database Management System (Parallel DBMS) and a Distributed Database Management System (Distributed DBMS) both aim to improve performance, scalability, and reliability, but they differ significantly in their architecture, data management strategies, and use cases. Parallel DBMS: A Parallel DBMS is a system where multiple processors or computers work together within a single database … Read more

Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where developers frequently integrate their code changes into a shared repository, typically multiple times a day. Each integration is automatically verified by building the project and running automated tests to detect integration errors as quickly as possible. Key Components of Continuous Intergration: Benefits of Continuous Intergration: Early … Read more

Timestamp-based protocols are used in databases to control how transactions are executed when multiple transactions are running at the same time. These protocols help ensure that transactions don’t conflict with each other, causing issues like reading incorrect data or overwriting changes made by another transaction. Instead of using locks, like in lock-based protocols, timestamp-based protocols … Read more

The Waterfall Model is a traditional, linear approach to software development and project management. It follows a sequential process where each phase (e.g., Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment) is completed before moving to the next. Below are its advantages, disadvantages, and five improvements to make it more effective. Advantages of the Waterfall Model Disadvantages of the Waterfall Model Five Improvements for … Read more

Serializability – Concept and Explanation Serializability is a key concept in database management, particularly in the context of transaction processing. It refers to the property of a schedule (a sequence of operations or transactions) that ensures the database maintains consistency and correctness, even when multiple transactions are executed concurrently. In simple terms, serializability ensures that … Read more

Query optimization is the process of improving the performance of a database query by minimizing the resources (such as CPU time, memory usage, and I/O operations) required to execute the query. It involves transforming the given query into an equivalent one that can be executed more efficiently. In relational databases, query optimization is essential because … Read more