Distributed Database System (DDBS) A Distributed Database System (DDBS) is a database system where the data is stored across multiple physical locations (sites), but it works as a single unified system. These sites are connected via a network, and users interact with the system as though it’s one database, even though the data is distributed. … Read more
Timestamp-based concurrency control is a mechanism used to manage concurrent access to the database while ensuring serializability (the highest level of isolation in transactions). It is an alternative to other methods like locking-based concurrency control, and it relies on assigning each transaction a unique timestamp to determine the order of execution. This method ensures that … Read more
The INGRES algorithm refers to the method developed for query optimization and execution in the INGRES Database Management System (DBMS). INGRES, which stands for Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System, was an early relational DBMS developed at the University of California, Berkeley, in the 1970s and 1980s. It introduced several innovations that later influenced the design … Read more
A parallel database is a type of database system that uses parallel processing to improve performance, particularly for large-scale data processing and querying tasks. Parallelism in a database refers to the ability to execute multiple operations simultaneously, which allows the database to handle large amounts of data more efficiently and reduce the time it takes … Read more
Importance of Log Records in Recovery In database systems, log records are crucial for recovering the database to a consistent state after a failure, like a system crash. Log records store the details of what changes were made by each transaction. These records are used to: 2-Phase Commit (2PC) Protocol The 2-Phase Commit (2PC) protocol … Read more
Properties of a Transaction (ACID Properties) In database management systems (DBMS), a transaction is a sequence of one or more operations (such as insert, update, delete, or read) that are executed as a single unit. The ACID properties ensure the correctness and reliability of the transaction, particularly in the case of failures or concurrent access. … Read more
Parallel execution in database systems denotes the capability to carry out several operations at the same time through the use of several CPU cores, processors, or distributed systems. The main objective is to enhance performance, minimize query execution duration, and manage extensive data processing effectively. Simultaneous Execution in database systems denotes the capacity to carry … Read more
Parallel architectures play a significant role in enhancing the performance of databases by enabling themto handle large volumes of data and high transaction rates. Let’s examine two common parallelarchitectures: shared-nothing and shared-disk. Shared-Nothing Architecture Description: i. Decentralization: Each node in the system has its own private memory and disk storage. Nodescommunicate with each other over … Read more
Process discriminants are specific characteristics or parameters that help differentiate between various software development processes. They provide a framework for understanding how different processes can be tailored to meet the needs of a project or organization. The key parameters of process discriminants include: Software Management Best Practices To ensure successful software development and project management, organizations … Read more
Software metrics are quantitative measures used to assess various aspects of software development and maintenance. They provide insights into the quality, performance, and efficiency of software processes and products. Metrics can be applied at different stages of the software development lifecycle, including requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. Importance of Software Metrics Seven Core Metrics … Read more